Anorexia Nervosa: Symptoms, Treatment and Impact

Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms, Treat ment and Impact circulative organization is made up of the vessels and the muscles that benefactor and control the f miserable of the contrast around the body. Blood contains antigens and antibodies to protect us from infectious and non-infectious affections which called the immune system. Whenever antigen and antibody interlock, the antibody marks the antigen for destruction.E preciseone would want to set out the ideal body. They will do everything so that their bodies could be perfect form, especially female. Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female, but males can obtain the disorder as well. Anorexia nervosa is a non-infectious disease. Anorexia nervosa or usually called anorexia is an eating disorder or loss of desire for provender (appetite). When people have this disease, they are called to be anorexic.The process of too untold limiting the amount of feed into the body is likely to result a person experiencing anorexia. People with anorexia nervosa behave to be very high achievers, performing very well in many activities. Professionals for instance athletes, model or superstar are easily got anorexic, because of their professional requirement. Anorexia is mostly resulted from one maintaining an extremely low weight, and create as a result of changes in ones behavior, emotions, thinking, perceptions, and social interactions.When people called to be anorexic, they dont have any nutrition in their body and thus anorexias antigen could attack antibodies. When antibodies failed to preserve anorexias antigens, our body will get tired, weak and other symptoms of anorexia will occur. Even though there have been many anorexia cases, at the end of the millennium, people wellness will be better and anorexics will decrease because of the technology improvement. This essay will discuss the causes, symptoms, prevention methods, and discussion methods towards anorexia disease.Anorexia is a very dangerous dis ease because it is happening in all over the world. A record has been made in 2004 by world wellness organization statistical information system to prove how harmful is this eating disorder. There are approximately 20 deliberateries counted for the people death cause by anorexics. Below is the diagram of the record.Anorexics tycoon cause by having troubled relationships or macrocosm teased about their size or weight at their past. When being teased, person felt of not good enough, low self-esteem, and even anger. Thus this will affects their social life. According to a research suggests that a combination of certain personality traits, emotions and thinking patterns, as well as cultural and environsal factors might be responsible.People who have anorexia are behaving to deny that they have a problem. Due to people with anorexia often hide their characterise symptoms are not easy to see. But as prison term goes by, as anorexia progresses symptoms whitethorn be seen and its sta rt to be difficult for them to deny. The symptoms areAnorexics read food labels to measures and weighs the calories of the food that they will eat.Anorexics will pretend that they had eaten before when someone ask them to or throw the food away.They preoccupy with food. By collecting recipes, reading food magazines or cooking for friends may make other think that they are normal and forgotten about their previous thought of (he/she) getting anorexia.Anorexics will eff food into small pieces and chewing every bite a certain number of times.The affected person uses various methods such(prenominal)(prenominal) as vomiting or laxative abuse to prevent weight gain.Most individuals with anorexia nervosa do not recognize that they have an eating disorder. And usually hide their feelings, thoughts, intentions and actions from other people (secretive).They may easily get tired, weak, and most of the time dizzy because of low blood pressure. Have purplish skin color on their arms and legs fr om poor blood flow. They also happen to have yellow skin and dry mouth. Patient of anorexia nervosa are easily getting confused and slow thinking.Not all of cases involving this oddball of non-infectious disease can be prevented. in spite of that, there may be some ways to be done to prevent some cases to happen. What can be done are teaching and encouraging healthy eating habits and realistic locatings about food and body im geezerhood to people that are suspected might experience anorexia. The role of parents in a family is also important. In particular, mothers should create a healthy lifestyle in order to show her children how important to immerse particular amount of food, and fathers should not criticize too much on his children body shape and weight. In addition, parents should promote a healthy and supporting environment for their children. On the other hand, the media can also be used to promote healthier lifestyle. It must re show the society, as the basic characterist ic of an individual is that they may tend to follow others lifestyle. The media can also display programs that are created to prevent eating disorder.Many of anorexics died before they could get a well treatment. Anorexics that are in a very underweight condition, must be treated carefully, or hospitalized. After anorexics get the medical treatment, they need to get psychological counseling in order for them learn about healthy foods and lifestyle. The psychological counseling may allows nutritional counseling, individual counseling and group counseling. Nutritional counseling will teaches anorexics to count calories of body needed in comfortable method. And to help with weight gain, doctors usually use liquid food supplements. Anorexics may also need some therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or known as CBT in the individual counseling. CBT teachers will help anorexics to change their attitudes and behaviors about eating. Group counseling is also needed for anorexics, to conduct their experiences and to encourage their friends (who also experience anorexia) to recover. Family therapy is very helpful, especially for teen with anorexics. Parents and siblings could support the anorexics during treatment emotionally and physically. Another effort to help anorexics recover is by let them expressing their feelings and doing something enjoyable for them for instance doing their hobbies. Then, doing relaxation is also important. By having yoga, massage and the traditional Chinese relaxation exercises will build a healthy relationship with their body.BibliographyThinkQuest, ThinkQuest. Circulatory System. 30-11-09 .National Cancer Institute, USA, National Cancer Institute, USA . Antigens and Antibodies. 29-12-09 .Stoppler, Melissa. Anorexia nervosa. medecinenet.com. 29-11-09 .ehealthMD, ehealthMD. Anorexia nervosa. 30-11-09.NationMaster.com, NationMaster.com. Mortality Statistics Eating disorders (most recent) by country . 1-12-09 .Cleveland Clinic, Cleve land Clinic. Anorexia nervosa. 1-11-09 . impression and Anxiety in sr. Adults Knowledge GapsDepression and Anxiety in Older Adults Knowledge GapsDepression and Anxiety in Older AdultsAre there gaps in current knowledge regarding diagnosis and treatment?IntroductionMental health problems in onetime(a) gravids can cause a massive social extend to, often bringing about poor reference of life, isolation and exclusion. Depression is one of the most debilitating mental health disorders worldwide, affecting approximately 7% of the elderly population (Global Health Data Exchange, 2010). Despite this, it is also one of the most underdiagnosed and undertreated conditions in the primary care setting. Even with estimates of approximately 25% of over 65s living in the biotic residential district having depressive symptoms severe enough to warrant medical intervention, entirely one third discuss their symptoms with their GP. Of those that do, only 50% receive treatment as symptoms of fee ling at bottom this population often coincide with other later life problems ( IAPT, 2009 World Health Organisation (WHO), 2004).Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Depression and Anxiety in older adultsMany misconceptions surround ageing including the fact that depression is a normal part of the ageing process. Actual narrate destines that other physical health issues often supersede the entry of depressive symptoms in older adults which may suggest that the development of depression is influenced by deteriorating physical health (Baldwin, 2008 Baldwin et al, 2002). Depression may present differently in older adults in comparison to adolescents or even working age adults. Although the same disorder may be present end-to-end different stages of the lifespan, in older adults certain symptoms of depression may be accentuated, such as somatic or psychotic symptoms and memory complaints, or suppressed, such as the feelings of sadness, in comparison to younger people with the same disord er (Baldwin, 2008 Chiu, Tam Chiu, 2008). OConnor et al (2001) carried out a call for into the influence of age on the response of major depression to electroconvulsive therapy and found that when confounding variables are controlled (age at the beginning of a study), there is no difference in the remit rates for depression in both younger and older adults, however, relapse rates remain higher for older adults. Backing this up, Brodaty et al (1993) conducted a soft intrinsicistic study into the prognosis of depression in older adults in comparison to younger adults and again confirmed that the prognosis and remission for depression in older adults is not significantly worse than for younger adults. However, the rigor of a qualitative naturalistic study is argued by proponents as being value-laden in nature, term criticisms of this study approach highlight it as being subjective, anecdotal and subject to researcher bias (Koch, 2006).In addition to depression, fear disorders are also commonplace among older adults, often presenting as a comorbid condition. In 2007, 2.28 million people were diagnosed as having an trouble disorder in the UK, with 13% of those individuals aged 65 and over. By 2026, the projected number of people diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is expected to rise by 12.7% to 2.56 million with the greatest increase expected to be seen in the older adult population ( queen regnants Fund, 2008). Despite the prevalence rate, anxiety is poorly researched in comparison to other psychiatric disorders in older people (Wetherell et al, 2005). Of the anxiety disorders, phobic disorders and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) are the two most common in older people (Bryant et al, 2008). It wasnt until 1980 that the American Psychiatric link (APA) published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 3rd Edition which introduced Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) into the psychiatric nomenclature, distinguishing it from other anx iety disorders for the first time (APA, 1980). MCManus et al (2009) estimate that in England alone, as many as 4.4% of people suffer with GAD with prevalence rates between 1.2 and 2.5 times higher for women than men (Prajapati, 2012).Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) continues to gain change magnitude recognition and has received more clinical interest lately, correlating with individuals from the Second World War, Holocaust and Vietnam Veterans reaching or being well into old age. Despite this, data relating to prevalence rates still remains limited with research tending to focus on specific populations as opposed to community figures, for example, with regards to UK war veterans, approximately 30% will develop PTSD (pickingupthepieces.org.au, 2014). Unfortunately, stigma tends to misrepresent PTSD statistics as sufferers tend not to stress diagnosis or researcher bias is present. Britt (2000) found that many service personal within the military stated that admitting to a me ntal health problem was not only more stigmatising that admitting to a physical health problem but they also believed it would have a more detrimental impact on their career prospects. Furthermore, Mueller (2009) conducted a study into disclosure attitudes in which it was concluded that these attitudes can strongly predict symptom severity. With this in mind, it is important to stress the richness of practicing within the limits of NMC (2008) code of conduct in which unconditional positive regard must be shown by all nursing staff whilst incorporating a non-bias attitude in practice.Anxiety and depression comorbidity is well established. A longitudinal study, noted for its beneficial adaptability in enabling the researcher to look at changes over time, conducted by Balkom et al (2000) found that in a random community sample of adults (55 and older), who were diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder, 13% also met the criteria of major depressive disorder (MDD). Adding weight to the proof of anxiety and depression comorbidity in older adults, Schaub (2000) who also conducted a longitudinal study, found that 29.4% of a sample of older adults in a German community diagnosed with an anxiety disorder also met the criteria for a depressive disorder. Longitudinal studies are thought to vary in their validity due to the attrition of randomly assigned participants during the draw of the study, thus producing a final sample that is not a true representation of the population sampled (Rivet-Amico, 2009).King-Kallimanis, Gum and Kohn (2009) examined current and lifetime comorbidity of anxiety with depression. Within a 12 month period they found 51.8% of older adults with MDD in the United States also met the diagnostic criteria for an anxiety disorder. There is evidence to suggest that the first presentation of anxiety symptoms in older adults suggests an underlying depressive disorder (Chiu et al, 2008). Unfortunately, comorbid anxiety and depression in older adults is associated with much higher risks of suicidal symptoms (Bartels et al, 2002 Lenze et al, 2000) in addition to increased reports of more severe psychiatric and somatic symptoms and poorer social functioning when compared to depression alone (Lenze et al, 2000 Schoevers et al, 2003).2.2 Diagnosis and Screening ToolsThe U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) (2009) states that covering for depression and anxiety in older adults allows GPs and mental health practitioners to look for these conditions despite the service user not reporting the symptoms. However, recommendations on the use of display tools should be limited to services where there are adequate systems in place to refer service users on for in-depth assessment and treatment as top without adequate treatment and follow-up is highly ineffective as highlighted by OConner (2009) and USPSTF (2009) in separate research reviews. Snowden et al (2009) further stipulates that covering fire should only be carried out in app ropriate settings using approved depression viewing tools designed specifically for older adults. Some of these specific screening tools include the Geriatric Depression cuticle (GDS) and the 2 item and 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2 /PHQ-9). It is necessary to be mindful of the fact that screening tools are not diagnostic assessments, they merely identify the likelihood of someone have depression/anxiety (Snowden et al, 2009) and should be used in conjunction with a clinical examination to serve diagnosis (Chie et al, 2008).The self-administered Geriatric Depression Scale is the most widely accepted screening tool for depression in older adults, first developed by Yesavage et al in 1983. It is available in both a long form and short form. The long form consists of a 30-item questionnaire, which asks the older adult to answer yes or no to specific questions in reference to how they have been feeling over the past week. The shorter form (see appendix 1) was developed i n 1986 pursual validation studies of the long form and takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. This is often the more suitable screening tool as it can be more easily used by individuals who are physically unwell and those suffering from mild to moderate cognitive impairments such as dementia who may have relatively short concentration spans. It comprises of 15 specific questions from the long form that generated the highest association with depressive symptoms. Scores of 0-4 on the GDS short form are considered normal 5-8 indicate mild depression 9-11 indicate moderate depression and 12-15 indicate severe depression (Yesavage et al, 1983 1986).The GDS have proven to a highly reliable and valid screening tool. One study carried out by Paradela et al (2005) found that the GDS had 81% sensitivity and 71% specificity when evaluated against diagnostic criteria in the DSM-IV. In a validation study completed Sheikh and Yesavage (1986) comparing the GDS Long and Short Forms, both were successful in distinguishing depressed from non-depressed older adults with a high correlation.Within the NHS, several screening tools are more widely used than the GDS. These include the PHQ-9 (Spitzer et al, 1999), PHQ-2 (see appendix 2) (Kroenke et al, 2003) and Whooley questions (see appendix 3) (Whooley et al, 1997). Both the PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 use a psychometric Likert scale format while the Whooley questions uses bare(a) yes/no answers.The PHQ-2 and Whooley questions fall into the category of ultra-short questionnaires comprising of as little as three, two or one single detection questions. Despite the use of these ultra-short questionnaires being used in practice, evidence from Mitchell and Coyne (2007) suggests that one-question screening tools identify as little as one third of patients with depression making them unacceptable and unreliable screening tools if simply relied upon. Despite this, there is still support for the use of two and three question screening tools, spe cifically the PHQ-2 which has been found to identify as many as 80% of individuals with depression in primary care settings (Ross, 2010 Mitchell and Coyne, 2007). As with all good practice, caution should be used when utilising these screening tools are they can present false-positive results (Mitchell and Coyne, 2007).By comparison, the PHQ-9 is a self-administered 9-item questionnaire aimed at the detection of depression (Kroenke et al, 2001). It value within mental health screening is well known due to the robust evidence surrounding it validity and excellent levels of sensitivity (91.7%) and specificity (78.3%) (Kroenke et al, 2010).Chapter 3 Application to Nursing PracticeDementia, along with depression and other priority mental disorders are include in the WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP). This programme aims to improve care for mental, neurological and substance use disorders through providing guidance and tools to develop health services in resource poor areas. Synthesis and utilization of empirical research is an important aspect of evidence-based care. Only within the context of the holistic assessment, can the highest quality of care be achieved.ReferencesBaldwin, R., Chiu, E., Katona, C., and Graham, N. 2002. Guidelines on depression in older people Practising the evidence. London Martin Dunitz Ltd.Baldwin, R. 2008. Mood disorders depressive disorders. In Jacob R et al, Oxford Textbook of Older Age Psychiatry. Oxford Oxford University Press.Balkom, V., Beekman , A., de Beurs, E., et al. Comorbidity of the anxiety disorders in a community-based older population in the Netherlands Online. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101(-). Pp 3745. Available at https//www-swetswise-com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/FullTextProxy/swproxy?url=http//onlinelibrary.wiley.coc/resolve/doi/pdf?DOI=10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101001037.xts=1409279416128cs=1533436201userName=0000884.ipdireciemCondId=884articleID=25446758yevoID=1585273titleID=2498remoteAddr=131.251.137.64host Type= pro Accessed 29th revered 2014.Bartels, S., Coakley, E., Oxman, T., et al. 2002. Suicidal and death ideation in older primary care patients with depression, anxiety, and at-risk alcohol use. American Journal of Psychiatry.159(10) pp.417427.Brodaty, H., Harris, L., Peters, K., Wilhelm, K., Hickie, I., Boyce, P., Mitchell, P., Parker, G., and Eyers, K. 1993. Prognosis of depression in the elderly. A comparison with younger patients Online. The British Journal of Psychiatry 163(-) pp589-596. Available at http//bjp.rcpsych.org/content/163/5/589BIBL Accessed 27th elevated 2014.Chiu, H., Tam,W., and Chiu, E. 2008. WPA educational program on depressivedisorders Depressive disorders in older persons. World Psychiatric Association (WPA).Kings Fund. 2008. Paying the price The cost of mental health care in England to 2026 Online. London Kings Fund. Available at http//www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/Paying-the-Price-the-cost-of-mental-health-care-England-2026-McCrone-Dhanasiri-Patel -Knapp-Lawton-Smith-Kings-Fund-May-2008_0.pdf Accessed 17th August 2014.Koch, T. 2006. Establishing rigour in qualitative research the decision trail. Journal of Advanced Nursing 53(1) pp. 91-100Lenze, E., Mulsant, B., Shear M, et al. 2000. Comorbid anxiety disorders in depressed elderly patients Online. American Journal of Psychiatry. 157(-) pp.722728. Available at http//ajp.psychiatryonline.org.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/data/Journals/AJP/3712/722.pdf?resultClick=3 Accessed 29th August 2014.OConner, A. 2009. Screening for depression in adult patients in primary care settings a systematic evidence review Online. Annals of Internal Medicine. 151(11). Pp.784-793. Available at http//annals.org.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/article.aspx?articleid=745314resultClick=3 Accessed 22nd August 2014.OConnor, M., Knapp, R., Husain, M., et al. 2001. The influence of age on the response of major depression to electroconvulsive therapy a CORE report. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 9(-) pp. 382390Rivet-Amico , K. 2009. Percent Total scrape A Poor Metric for Study Rigor in Hosted Intervention Designs Online. American Journal of Public Health 99(9) pp 1567-1575. Available at http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2724469/ Accessed 22nd August 2014.Schaub, R., Linden, M. 2000. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in the old and very oldresults from the Berlin Aging Study (BASE) Online. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 41(-) pp 4854. Available at http//ac.els-cdn.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/S0010440X00800085/1-s2.0-S0010440X00800085-main.pdf?_tid=25fb884e-2f25-11e4-ae4a-00000aab0f6bacdnat=1409279912_0012d28347b6791e31a8b5199f3daaa1 Accessed 29th August 2014.Schoevers, R., Beekman, A., Deeg, D., et al. 2003. The natural history of late-life depression results from the Amsterdam Study of the Elderly (AMSTEL) Online. Journal of Affective Disorders.76(1) pp 514. Available at http//ac.els-cdn.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/S0165032702000605/1-s2.0-S0165032702000605-main.pdf?_tid=1814aa80-2f34-11e4-a381-00000aab0f27acdn at=1409286331_4cb7efb58af9c004b37dc4825f8831d5 Accessed 19th August 2014.Sheikh, J., and Yesavage, A. 1986. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. In T.L. Brink (Ed.), Clinical Gerontology A Guide to Assessment and Intervention .pp. 165-173. New York The Haworth Press.Snowden, M., Steinman, L., Frederick, J., and Wilson, N. 2009. Screening for depression in older adults recommended instruments and considerations for community-based practice Online Clinical Geriatrics. 17(9). Pp 26-32. Available at http//www.consultant360.com/articles/screening-depression-older-adults-recommended-instruments-and-considerations-community Accessed 19th August 2014.USPSTF. 2009. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression in adults U.S. limp services task force recommendation statement Online. Annals of Internal Medicine 151 (11). Pp 784-792. Available at http//annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=745304 Accessed 19th August 2014.Yesavage, A., Brink, L., Rose, L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., and Leirer, O. 1983. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale A preliminary report Online. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1). pp 37-49. Available at http//ac.els-cdn.com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/0022395682900334/1-s2.0-0022395682900334-main.pdf?_tid=3e351376-2f84-11e4-80c4-00000aab0f02acdnat=1409320755_7707825345e33994a5a5539c953dac90 Accessed 29th August 2014.Appendix 1.