Cultural Analysis On Cultural Relativism Essay Example For Students

Social Analysis On Cultural Relativism Essay Seungbae’s exposition on social relativism contends that each ethical choice one makes is just applicable inside the feeling of good and bad relying upon their social norms. He makes correlations with social morals similarly as with the laws of movement however doesn't appear to essentially relate today’s utilization of social relativism, and it additionally turns into a kind of in reverse continuum in which the relativism that he contends for transforms into an absolutist perspective, subsequently transforming his way of thinking into what he is contending against. He additionally expresses that there is a correspondence between Einstein’s laws of relativity with that of a moral point of view of relativity. His thoughts on what is ethically comparable to good and bad gives us a viewpoint for a relativist see on the idea of the real world and the position of morals inside it. He contends that the thoughts of Hitler’s Nazi system was similarly as moral as M other Teresa’s messages on harmony. This is the place his contention starts to self-destruct. He contends that Hitler s Nazi system was ethically right for his time, yet just respects significance of moralistic characteristics to the individuals in power. There are not whole view of rightness with regards to one solitary society or culture. Along these lines, it is flawed the stuff to have faith in something ethically when you can't simply confide in the individuals in power, and explicitly in light of the fact that there are various recognitions inside that society of what is good and bad. For instance, he contends that this belief system is the thing that privilege and what's going on are just pertinent to one’s culture. The Jewish individuals that were being deceived in this nation were a piece of the way of life. Consequently, he accepts that those individuals weren't right to accept that it wasn't right for the Nazi’s to murder their. .selves. This belief system that ethics are just applicable to social principles of good and bad and that those are vexing and that they can be changed from one culture to the next is simply Ayn Rand’s reasoning of Objectivism and our ethical commitments to ourselves as opposed to our way of life overall. To keep our way of life and our general public well and working there must vary belief systems between the individuals in our way of life or we would not push ahead. There would in any case be servitude and the heartless executing of individuals would be alright similarly as long as you assembled a culture around these thoughts as something There must be battle to have something happened to it and there must be struggle inside belief systems for new and better ones to approach. At the point when one decides to just make the right decision out of the setting of their own way of life, things stop and movement isn't made.

Bentham and Mills on Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Bentham and Mills on Utilitarianism Essay Im Researching Saved Recents Uploads My Answers Account Products Home Essays Drive Answers Texty About Company Legal Site Map Contact Us Advertise  ©2016 Bentham and Mills on Utilitarianism, Ethics, John Stuart Mill Mar 28, 2006 1882Words 355Views PAGE 5 OF 5 As an American culture sculptures and laws are put before us to set a standard of profound quality and equity. Be that as it may, what really decides if an activity is good or unethical? As I examine crafted by Jeremy Bentham, in his Principle of Utility, Alongside John Stuart Mill, on Utilitarianism, we will better comprehend what the establishments of ethical quality are in agreement to their works. Moreover, through their measures of utility I will investigate the circumstance proposed with regards to in the case of undermining your personal expenses can be supported as ethically right or wrong according to the utilitarian. In his Work, Jeremy Bentham states Utilitarianism as that standard which favors or refutes of each activity at all, as indicated by the inclination which it seems to have expanded or decreased the satisfaction of the gathering whose intrigue is being referred to. Evidently expressed, Bentham characterizes utilitarianism as the moral rightness or misleading quality of an activity legitimately identified with the utility of that activity. Utility is all the more explicitly characterized as a proportion of the integrity or disagreeableness of the results of an activity. J. S Mill later extends Benthams meaning of the term by saying utility holds that activities are directly in extent as they will in general advance joy, off-base as they will in general advance the opposite of joy. Factory characterizes satisfaction as the nonattendance of agony. Plant further expresses that there are various degrees of delights. He expresses that a few joys are of higher caliber than others and subsequently progressively attractive. Plant expresses that, if all delights are equivalent and the main distinction is in their amounts then people and lesser creatures, (for example, a pig ) would get satisfaction from similar wellsprings of joy. Though Benthams utilitarianism sees no difference amongst various creatures and relegates a similar joy to all individuals from the network, Mill isolates people and lesser creatures, which have joy that is of various class and worth. Factory gives a model by saying, It is smarter to be an individual disappointed than a pig fulfilled; preferred to be Socrates disappointed over a moron fulfilled. In looking at the two, one can see that Bentham and Mill concur that utility is estimated by the consequence of joy (or nonattendance of agony) of an activity. The following firm establishment of utility, as indicated by Bentham, is the best bliss of the best number of individuals who are influenced by the exhibition of an activity. He expresses, The enthusiasm of the network (the total of the enthusiasm of a few individuals who create it) is one of the most broad articulations that can happen in the style of ethics. He guessed that social strategies are appropriately evaluated considering their impact on the general prosperity of most of the populace that is included. In an utilitarian way of thinking the impacts of an activity is to be carefully determined for more prominent's benefit of the majority. Plant later portrays the flawlessness of utilitarian profound quality with the brilliant standard of Jesus of Nazareth. In this standard he insinuates the segment in the Bible where Jesus guarantees that we ought to do as you would be finished by, and to adore your neighbor as yourself. In saying this he expresses that laws and social game plans should put their joy of each person as almost as conceivable in congruity with the enthusiasm of the entirety. It tends to be said that most extreme utility outcomes when the accompanying procedure is embraced: 1) investigating the lion's share (level of bliss experienced by individuals) after each activity made. 2) Summate the degrees of satisfaction experienced for each situation. 3) And in conclusion, think about the outcomes. The one that can be said to prompt the more prominent measure of all out delight or satisfaction is the unrivaled other option. Maybe the distinction between the two can be that Bentham has confidence in an exact count of the utility of every conceivable activity in a given circumstance. This exact figuring is accomplished through various standards which are as per the following: 1)Pleasure short torment 2)Intensity 3)Duration 4)Fruitfulness 5)Likelihood The principal models, of joy less agony, alludes to whether the torment delivered by the choice merits the bliss created. The second, being power, alludes to the subsequent quality. Span, as the third measures, identifies with the period of time the experience keeps going. The fourth factor of productivity alludes to the drawn out aftereffects of the joy. Lastly, probability decides if it is likely the decision will bring about the assumed impact. Through cautious computation of these components, Bentham trusts it is conceivable to come to choose the best decision, therefore carrying delight to the most measure of individuals. Plant, then again, doesn't contradict the very idea of ascertaining utility, yet only the exertion and time it would take to compute the choice made. Factory accepts that choices are superiorly made through the utilization of decides that have been determined early. He states, We will inspect by and by of what nature are these contemplations; in what way they apply to the case, and what reasonable grounds, accordingly, can be given for tolerating or dismissing the utilitarian equation. With the in advance of referenced establishments of Utility, can the accompanying given condition be supposed to be ethically directly according to the Utilitarian: Suppose you have a dear companion who needs $1000 for her moms doctor's visit expense and, if not treated, her mom will kick the bucket and the agony of her family will be colossal. Assume further that the best way to help your companion is to undermine your personal duties that will never be examined. You accept that the cash won't influence the IRS incredibly in light of the fact that the administration squanders billions of dollars at any rate. You don't tell your companion how you got the cash with the goal that her and her family can encounter colossal joy. In choosing whether or not to undermine your annual duties, an utilitarian must assess the two sides of the general government assistance of the individuals influenced by this activity and the outcomes of the activity taken. For this situation, the individuals influenced would be (on one side) your companion, her mom, her family, and yourself, additionally (on the opposite side) the US government. The following stage taken by Utilitarians is measure the delight and agony which would be brought about by undermining your annual charges. The outcomes that can generally be determined, on your companion, if the move isn't made can be: 1)the mother will have torment and bite the dust 2)your companion and her family will endure huge agony 3)you will endure close by your companion. Furthermore, the delight would be the inverse. Then again, the ramifications for the administration, in your eyes, will be insignificant since you won't be inspected: 1) they will be neglectful of the way that they ought to have gotten $1000 progressively 2) the legislature generally squanders billions of dollars. Notwithstanding, the genuine results of undermining your charges can be said to: 1) violate the law of paying your expenses completely 2) bring you torment on the off chance that you are gotten 3)effect the financial plan of a specific program that your cash would have gone to. For this situation, from the eyes of the individual undermining the annual charges, the more prominent agony is deny their companion of the cash right now. Be that as it may, as per Mill, utilitarianism must be subjectively gauged. This requires for one to consider, the measure of torment and delight, yet additionally the nature of each agony and joy. Plant states, According to the Greatest Happiness Principle, a definitive end, is a presence absolved beyond what many would consider possible from torment, and as rich as conceivable in satisfactions, both in purpose of value and amount. An imperfection in utilitarianism, is that nothing is truly supposed to be outright. Each situation is comparative with every individual. What one individual may consider to be ethically right and only and of good quality, may not be the equivalent for another. Factory proposes that to recognize various agonies and joys an individual who has encountered the two sides of joy and agony ought to have the option to quantify and pick which result finishes up in more satisfaction. In this specific case, numerous things can come about because of undermining your duties. For instance, the $1000 that you retained from the administration could have gone to help a school in a poor network, in this way making torment the school personnel that won't get the cash they merit, or the understudies who won't get fitting supplies. Another outcome can be that one less thing can be purchased to help the country in an unbeneficial war, which will carry joy to the individuals who restrict war. In such a case, there truly is no real way to have the option to decide the immediate consequence of what ones annual charges will profit, so it is challenging to gauge the nature of torment and delight in each side of the condition. With the recently given models it is no big surprise why Mill states, It is regularly insisted that utilitarianism renders men cold and unsympathising; that it cools their ethical sentiments towards people because of the way that an individual can not ascertain the deliberate misery of each activity. Subsequently in light of the fact that we don't have the opportunity to ascertain precisely in each example, Mills assumed, we appropriately permit our activities to be guided by moral standards more often than not, which for this situation would be the laws gone ahead by the administration. As Mill expressed we ought to have the option to depend totally on ones emotions and lead, and to oneself of having the option to depend on ones own, that the will to do right should be developed into this ongoing autonomy. Clearly expressed, in the event that one feels that it is ethically off-base to undermine your ta

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Stanfords Supply Chain

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Stanfords Supply Chain Close to Silicon Valley, which is arguably the technology capital of the world, the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB) is well known for developing leaders in the field of technology and for its tech investment. However, the GSB is not as well known for its investment in resources dedicated to the manufacturing sector, which include the Global Supply Chain Management Forum and the Product Realization Network. The Global Supply Chain Management Forum brings together researchers who document, develop and propagate innovation and best practices in global supply chain management. The Product Realization Network is a group of faculty and industry professionals dedicated to educating students about the creation of products and the organizations that make them possible. The network brings students together with professionals in the manufacturing industry for experiential opportunities that include site visits, guest lectures, workshops and internships. Supply chain is a management nicheâ€"one  that can certainly  be filled at Stanford. For more information on the Standford GSB or  13 other leading MBA programs, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business)

Comorbidity Of Social Anxiety And Alcohol Use Disorder

Comorbidity of Social Anxiety and Alcohol Use Disorder: Developments in Patient Care Alexandra L. Strange Baker University School of Nursing October 27, 2014 Social anxiety and alcohol use disorder often occur concurrently. Statistics show that individuals with social anxiety have a two-fold increased risk of being diagnosed with alcohol use disorder than those without anxiety. It is important to be able to identify when there is an occurrence of both disorders due to the fact that comorbidity is associated with more severe manifestations of both conditions which can lead to increased psychological impairment. It is also associated with less successful treatment outcomes due to difficulty in selecting effective†¦show more content†¦Social anxiety often precedes alcohol use disorder. Alcohol use disorders can have further negative effects on anxiety disorders, as evidenced by research showing that anxiety symptoms are increased with the abuse of alcohol. Furthermore, the effectiveness of standard treatment options for each disorder is diminished when comorbidity occurs (Book, Thomas, P. Randall, C. Randall, 2009; Black et al., 20 12; Boschloo et al., 2011; Miller et al., 2013; Stapinski et al, 2014). Assessment techniques for determining whether socially anxious patients are at-risk for alcohol dependence are enhanced through knowledge of risk factors. These include male gender, being single, family history of anxiety, depressive disorders, or alcohol dependence, neuroticism, isolation, and childhood trauma (Boschloo et al., 2011; Miller et al., 2013). Other assessment techniques include regular screenings of patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder to detect indications of alcohol dependence. For example, the use of drinking motive questions is clinically supported as a beneficial tool. According to the Drinking Motives Questionnaire, there are four established drinking motives: social, enhancement, coping, and conformity. Of these motives for drinking, coping is considered to be the most significant risk factor for alcohol dependence (Miller et al., 2013). Research studies have found that there are

Sleep Deprivation Causes Productivity Loss - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 340 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Sleep Deprivation Essay Did you like this example? Our world is constantly innovating and moving forward. This is true in all fields of work and learning. There are many different ideas on how we might do this faster or better. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sleep Deprivation Causes Productivity Loss" essay for you Create order One is that sleep deprivation causes productivity loss and can be dangerous. Not necessary Some people have argued that this does not have much of an effect beyond bags under your eyes and the occasional yawn. Although this has been proven bad for productivity, some employers require their employees to receive special training on low sleep work. Even with this training sleep deprivation could still cause catastrophic damage in the transportation field and medical field. Some of the worst accidents in history have been caused by sleep deprivation. One of these accidents, was caused by two engineers who were without sleep for 18 hours and had only received a small amount this then led to the death of 30 people, the injury of 300 people, and relocation of thousands of people. But even if you arent a nuclear engineer your sleep deprivation can cause you and others to be injured or killed. In the year 2013 alone sleep deprived driving caused 72,000 car crashes 44,000 people injured and cost 800 people their lives. With the amount of time you spend in car each day most likely saying this may be dangerous is an understatement. But some would like to argue with these statements saying that the negative. With one source saying some are not affected by sleep deprivation as others (Matthews, Melissa). This could mean that you should just put in more hours and not bother with the sleeping thing that much. But a more reasonable solution would be to sleep and see how long it takes your body to naturally wake up, and then you should then base your bed time of that and the time you need to wake up. This is not saying that the once a month late night essay will kill you. This is just a warning and a reminder to make sure you are getting enough sleep every night.

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay - 1260 Words

Differentiating Between Market Structures Yvonne C Rivera ECO/365 May 16, 2013 Paul de la Pena Abstract There are many TV service providers available in the U.S; however there are only two companies that offer services via satellite. Dish operates within the monopolistic competition market. Dish has been in business since the early 1980’s and has gradually worked its way up to become one of the leading satellite provider and innovator of new technology. In 2013 they offer service to over 14 million subscribers nationwide. This market in which it competes is where all firms have some market power, which controls the market price. They produce the same product as Direct TV and no other provider is in the same market. They know all†¦show more content†¦These two companies offer similar products and customers can choose whom they do service with. It is ideal for Dish to compete in this market because there are only two companies within the same industry. This market structure is suitable for Dish because it provides more opportunity to maximize profit due to the competition . Dish has more availability to customers and the opportunity to be able to increase customer rate in turn increasing the profit due to the fact that there are only two service providers. It cannot be in a monopoly market because there is another company that provides the same service or product. It also does not have extremely high prices or excessive barriers to obtain services. They always provide affordable prices that will also benefit the company to increase profit. (Monopolistic Competition, 2013). Dish has many promotions that are being offered to obtain new customers and also retain the existing consumers. The company offers upfront discounts as a sign up bonus to gain the attention of those prospective consumers. It offers up to $30 credits up front on the programming for the first twelve months of service. 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Monitoring Of Blood Glucose Level In Rohan â€Myassignmrthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Monitoring Of Blood Glucose Level In Rohan? Answer: Introducation Proper nutrition should be provided to Rohan which will not exaggerate diabetes condition in him. There should be regular monitoring of the blood glucose level in Rohan. Based on the blood glucose level, modifications should be done in his food. Physical needs: The physical need of Rohan is proper diabetic diet which has been proposed by the doctors. Accounting to her teacher, Rohan and his family are vegetarian and hence not following the diabetic plan, which includes meat. Rohan also needs rigorous physical activity and cyclic insulin uptakewhich will help to reduce his blood sugar level and prevent ketoacidosis. The physical activities will also help him to perform regular developmental activities which other kids of his age would be getting(Joslin and Kahn 2012. Social needs: The prime social needs of Rohan are love, compassion and generosity. His mother is ill and suffering from depression and his father is busy and hence Rohan conducts his own glycemic test and subcutaneousinsulin injection. He is only 9 years old, an age at which children develop identity, and become independent. He must therefore lead a healthy social life so that he does not get isolated. Cultural needs: Rohan and his family are immigrants and hence the main cultural need for Rohan is a friendly environment. The depression of his mother is affecting him also, a friendly environment where he can communicate his thoughts and feelings will be helpful for Rohan to lead a healthy life(Zheng and Chen 2013).Moreover, the embedded cultural beliefs adhered by the Rohansfamily were to be explained to the clinical staff during the preparation of the dietary plan. This factor could have enabledthe clinician to provide an alternative to meat (DeFronzo 2014). Three Priorities for Nursing Care Educate the patient and the family member about the threats of diabetes Rohanis very young to understand the chronicityof Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. His mother is ill and sufferingfrom post-immigrationdepression and his father remains busy all the time. Here it is important for Rohans father to make some time for his family and understand the problems. Rohans teacher who is also concerned about his health must also come forward. Thecommunity nurse will help Rohans father to recover from unfamiliarity and misinterpretation of the information. The nursing interventions will be evidenced by verbal statements of concern or misconceptions centringthe disease and development of the preventable complications(American Diabetes Association 2016). The desired outcomes of such nursing care are active participation in the learning process followed by generation of disease awarenessand correlation of the signs and the symptoms of the disease with adequate explanation. Educate the family about the risk of unstable glucose level in blood Rohanis only 9 years old with three younger sisters and hence the lack of adherence of the diabetes management will solely be directed towards his parents and teachers. The nursing care will involveblood glucose monitoring, timely intake of insulin, regular physical activity (Dunning 2013). The desired outcomes of such treatment will help in identification of the factors leading to the unstable glucose concentration in blood, proper understanding bodys need and maintenance of normal glucose concentration. Counselling Rohans Mother The first steps towards delivering the quality nursing care for immigrants are addressing the heath and the mental needs of the persons. Here, Rohans mother with be thoroughly counselled for post immigration depression and her difficulties with nephritic problems(Lindsay et al 2012). The desired outcomes will help in overcoming depression via getting accustomed with the new country, generation of concern and sympathy for the children and family and capability to express and discuss the problems and gaining confidence to fight against . Strategies to engage with the child and family to develop a trusting relationship: Cultural Safety Theory: Cultural competency care deals with the knowledge, health practices and learning skills that have been designed to support and care people of different ethnicity and cultural background (Hawala-Druy and Hill 2012).It will help Rohan to share his problems to the nurse. Rohanis new to in Australiaand he might be facing a cultural differences in order to share his thoughts and problems with other. Since his mom is ill and his father remains busy, Rohan has no one to discuss his problems. A culturally competent, community nurse will help Rohan to discuss his problem freely.(Lecca et al. 2014).The community nurse will be well aware of the cultural beliefs adhered to by Rohan family andshe will explain thesame to the clinical staff during the preparation of his dietary plan. This factor could have enabled the clinician to provide an alternative to meat (Majumdar2014). Family Centred Care Theory: Patient- and family-centered care therapy can be regarded as an innovative approach to plan, deliver and evaluate the goodness of well being that is grounded over the pillar of mutually beneficial partnership among the patients and their family members. Health care professionals who practice such therapy first try to recognize the vital role that a family plays for the well-being of the childrenand the other family members of all ages. After that, they counsel the family members so that they help each other and perform like a healthy and integrated family. Family centered care therapy most targets the mothers and many reported cases have shown that such family centered therapy has helped the mother to recover from depression and anxiety (Kitson et al. 2013). It will involve counselling of Rohans mother first. Such therapy will eventually help her to get recover from depression and get accustomed with the new environment of Australia. With the help of couns elling she will gradually understand the importance of family and how her family and her children (especially Rohan) are suffering from problems. Her mental recovery will bring sync in the family and will generate trusting relationships between Rohan and other three daughters(Kitson et al. 2013).Therapy will also encompass his father and three sisters and will help them to lead a healthy life in unison. Interpeonal/Communication Theory:focuses on the way the family relationships affect a patient mental and physical health. The therapy use communication as a principal weapon to develop trusting relationships among the family members. This therapy is very useful for the treatment of depression and anxiety (Berger 2014).It will help Rohan to freely communicate with the nurse and discuss his problems with her. Since Rohan is very young, suffering from diabetes and is being forced to take his own medicine, he is bound to suffer from certain mental depression as he has no one to share his problems. His father remains busy most of the time, her mother remains depressed and her three sisters are too young to understand his problem. Communication therapy will help Rohan to recover from his developmental and psychological problems(Rogers 2014).Moreover, Rohan also suffers from developmental defects as he has high level of glucose, the interpersonal therapy will generate synchronization betwee n the family relationship and such synchronization will assist Rohan to fight against his developmental problems via taking proper diet, regular attendance in school, proper physical activity and timely medicine intake. Plan of care Educate the patient and the family member about the threats of diabetes Family holds the sole pillar in the patients life. However, if a family member has encountered with any serious illness, the daily routine and common activities need to be reshuffled. The family must be educated with the symptoms of the disease, side-effects and the possible outcomes. By doing this, family can act as an active hand of support to the patient and will help in speedy recovery by providing mental and physical support. The family support will help in medication adherence and glycemic control (Mayberry and Osborn, 2012). Nursing Intervention and Evaluation Interventions and Effectiveness of Care Interventions to the nursing care plan (Educate the patient and the family member about the threats of diabetes) Intervention / Assessment (1): Identification of the learner: patient/ family member or care giver (Chen et al. 2012) Rationale: In this case, the main learner will be Rohans father and his teacher in school. Rohan lives in a troubled family where his mother is ill and her sisters are much younger than him. So it is the responsibility of the father to learn and gain about the knowledge. Rohans teacher is also concerned with his health however, she is not accustomed with the disease diabetes and hence she will be the second most important learner in this nursing care model. Intervention / Assessment (2): Enabling the patient to open up with the previous experience and health teaching(Inzucchi et al. 2012) Rationale: Rohan has no one to discuss his problem (both mental and physical) so such nursing care program will help Rohan to open up and discuss freely about his problems. Rohan also takes his own insulin and does his own glycemic test and it is very important to evaluate the kind of thought process he pass through while performing such phobic task alone and that too at such a young age Evaluation: The effectiveness of the nursing care will deal with monitoring of blood glucose level and prevention hyper glycemic shock. The care will also adhere to proper diabetic medication, observance of proper dietary plan, participation in active physical activity and spending quality time with family. Reference List American Diabetes Association, 2016. Standards of medical care in diabetes2016 abridged for primary care providers.Clinical diabetes: a publication of the American Diabetes Association,34(1), p.3. Berger, J., 2014. Word of mouth and interpersonal communication: A review and directions for future research.Journal of Consumer Psychology,24(4), pp.586-607. Chen, S.M., Creedy, D., Lin, H.S. and Wollin, J., 2012. Effects of motivational interviewing intervention on self-management, psychological and glycemic outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.International journal of nursing studies,49(6), pp.637-644. DeFronzo, R. (2014). International textbook of diabetes mellitus.Chichester: John Wiley. Dunning, T., 2013.Care of people with diabetes: a manual of nursing practice. John Wiley Sons. Hawala-Druy, S. and Hill, M.H., 2012. Interdisciplinary: Cultural competency and culturally congruent education for millennials in health professions.Nurse education today,32(7), pp.772-778. Inzucchi, S.E., Bergenstal, R.M., Buse, J.B., Diamant, M., Ferrannini, E., Nauck, M., Peters, A.L., Tsapas, A., Wender, R. and Matthews, D.R., 2012. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).Diabetologia,55(6), pp.1577-1596. Joslin, E. and Kahn, C. (2012).Joslin's diabetes mellitus. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Willkins, p.68. Kitson, A., Marshall, A., Bassett, K. and Zeitz, K., 2013. What are the core elements of patient?centred care? A narrative review and synthesis of the literature from health policy, medicine and nursing.Journal of advanced nursing,69(1), pp.4-15. Kuo, D.Z., Houtrow, A.J., Arango, P., Kuhlthau, K.A., Simmons, J.M. and Neff, J.M., 2012. Family-centered care: current applications and future directions in pediatric health care.Maternal and child health journal,16(2), pp.297-305. Lecca, P.J., Quervalu, I., Nunes, J.V. and Gonzales, H.F., 2014.Cultural competency in health, social human services: Directions for the 21st century. Routledge. LeRoith, D., Olefsky, J. and Taylor, S. (2015). Diabetes Mellitus. Philadelphia: LWW (PE). Lindsay, S., King, G., Klassen, A.F., Esses, V. and Stachel, M., 2012. Working with immigrant families raising a child with a disability: challenges and recommendations for healthcare and community service providers.Disability and rehabilitation,34(23), pp.2007-2017. Majumdar, P., Majumdar, J., Majumdar, J., Banerjee, D. (2014).Cultural Safety Theory (3rd ed.). New Delhi: B. Jain. Poretsky, L. (2010). Principles of diabetes mellitus. New York: Springer, p.4. Rogers, L.E. ed., 2014.Relational communication: An interactional perspective to the study of process and form. Routledge. Zheng, X.P. and Chen, S.H., 2013. Psycho-behavioral changes in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.World J Pediat,9(3), pp.261 Social needs: Interventions and Effectiveness of Care Reference List

Aristotle Essays (578 words) - Cleaning, Bathing, Salts, Skin Care

Aristotle The History of Soap Most people washed themselves with only one essential thing at the time, water. This, of course, happened until the development of soap in 2800 B.C. The soap was found in clay cylinders during the excavation of ancient Babylon. There were inscriptions discovered on the cylinders, which showed us that fats were boiled with ashes, which was the method of making the soap at this time. Records have shown that Egyptians bathed regularly. There was a medical document found called ?The Ebers Papyrus? which described the combining of animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to form soap-like material. These were used for treating skin diseases and washing. At around this time, Moses gave the Israelites specific laws about personal cleanliness. He related cleanliness to health and religious cleansing. The early Greeks bathed for artistic reasons. Instead of washing with soap, they bathed themselves with blocks of clay, sand, pumice, and ashes. Then they anointed themselves with oil and scraped off the oil and dirt with a strigil. They washed their clothes in the streams without using soap. According to an ancient Roman legend, soap got its name from Mount Sapo where animals were sacrificed. When it had rain, the water washed away the animal fat and wood ashes down into the clay soil along the Tiber River. Women had found this clay mixture and it made their wash much cleaner. Soap making was a popular craft in Europe by the 17th century. Vegetable and animal oils were used with ashes of plants and fragrance. More varities of soap gradually became available for shaving and washing hair, as well as bathing and washing clothes. Italy, Spain, and France were the early centers of soap manufacturing. The English began making soap during the 12th century. The chemistry of the soap manufacturing stayed the same until 1916 when the first synthetic detergent was developed in Germany. Synthetic detergents are non-soap washing and cleaning products that are ?synthesized?. Household detergent products became known in the United States around the 1930s. It is very important to understand the basic knowledge of soap and detergent chemistry. Water has a property called surface tension. In water, other water molecules surround each molecule, but at the surface, other water molecules only on the waterside surround those molecules. A tension is created as the surface molecules are pulled into the body of water. This tension causes the water to ?bead up? on the surface, which slows down the cleaning process. During the cleaning process, surface tension must be reduced so the water can spread and wet surfaces. Chemicals that do this are called surface-active agents. The surface-active agents perform many important jobs in cleaning. They are classified by their ionic properties in water. These properties are anionic which means a negative charge, nonionic which means no charge, cationic which means having a positive charge, and amphoteric which means having either a positive or negative charge. Soaps are water-soluble sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. The fats and oils used in soap making are made up of a unique mixture of several different triglycerides. In a triglyceride molecule, 3 fatty acid molecules are attached to one molecule of glycerine. Fatty acids are the mechanism of fats and oils that are used in soap. They are weak acids of two parts, which are a carboxylic acid group and a hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid group. Science Essays

Jennifer Aniston essays

Jennifer Aniston essays Jennifer Aniston is an amazing actress who has won the hearts of over a billion people across the nation who have seen the hit-series FRIENDS. The topics I will be going over in the paper are Jennifers stages of growing up, her movies and shows shes stared in, and her life at home with her husband. Born in Sherman Oaks, CA, and raised in New York City, Jennifer Aniston is an actress who was exposed to acting at an early age by her father, John Aniston, who stars on NBC's daytime show "Days of Our Lives," and her godfather, Telly Savalas. Jennifer is of Greek descent and lived in Greece for one year and then moved to New York City when her father got the role on the daytime show love of life. She first started acting at the age of 11 when she joined the Rudolf Steiner Schools Drama Club. Jennifer said, I was always fascinated with acting, but my experience at Rudolf Steiner encouraged me to pursue it as a career. Steiner was a free-spirited school that encouraged creativity and individualism. Jennifer began her professional training as a drama student at New Yorks high school of performing arts. After her graduation in 1987, she played the roles in off-Broadway productions such as For Dear Life and Dancing on Checkers Grave. In 1989, she landed her first television role as a series regular on Molloy. After all of her small acting offers, she was asked to audition for the role of Monica on the new TV series called Friends Like These. Jennifer said no and decided to take the role of Monica instead. Now the cast of the show, whichs name has changed to just Friends, now earns a salary of 750,000.00 for every episode. On top of that she has now stared in the following movies: How I Spent My Summer Vacation (Camp Cucamonga) 1990 ...

An extended definition of belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

An extended definition of belief - Essay Example An extended definition of belief can be derived from salvation, tolerance, and science phenomena depending on its use and application. Langston Hughes focuses the definition, use, and application of belief in salvation. Salvation is highly regarded as an individual choice. However, is it guided and informed by a supernatural force or being that in most cases is said to rescue the human race from their sins. Faith is a critical factor in salvation and religion in general. Believing in a supernatural being or force that one has not set eyes on provides the primary basis upon which salvation and religious practices are realized and undertaken. From one generation to another, the younger generations are introduced to religious matters by the older people. Basically, the beliefs of these people are passed from the old to the young, and the trend continues. Although there are myriad questions that underlie this practice, most of them end up unanswered over the years as salvation continues. Hughes presents a very personal encounter with salvation as a young boy. Hughes had an abstract idea of how salvation comes about, but when it happened to him at the Reed’s church, it was rather forced to him than an experience of what he actually expected (Hughes 225-226). In other words, salvation was not an actual experience of what the auntie or any other person had talked about. Belief in the salvation context is a group mind practice. Over the years, the congregation has adopted behaviors and routine of salvation. Praising, worshiping, mourning, weeping, praying, and celebrating a new child of God constitute the norm of salvation to the saved sinner. Although seeing the light and Jesus are essentially part of the salvation, they do not literally take place. This implies that once the sinner takes the stand for salvation, these things automatically happen, with or without necessarily seeing them. After all, the congregation and the sinners are introduced to what they

Murder and Memories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Murder and Memories - Essay Example The death of Ada and his son have been a controversial issue. It is now up to the students, and researchers to come up with a valid conclusion regarding the incident. This incident remains shrouded in mystery. Other authors say it was the pistol that went off accidentally1. Today, theories on what happened behind the thick walls of the mansions are still being developed. This paper examines the key happenings regarding this incident, with a major focus on sections such as Home, Tragedy, Blood Ties, Settings, Dramatis Personae, and Archives, to give a comprehensive conclusion about the Murder. Firstly let’s take a look at the history that presented itself during this time. In the year 1901, the Redpaths were members of the elites who spoke in English. They lived in a Montreal Square mile that was immensely wealthy. This Square was an intimate and also closed community of its own distinctive making. The Redpaths families used common social, educational, health, and religious ins titutions. Their children also fell victim of intermarriages. These families also shopped for products and also obtained, classic professional services, varying from health, legal and dental services to accounting services. It was mandatory for these professionals to have come from similar class and ethnic backgrounds. In the early 1880’s, many jobs were created through funding of the Canadian Railway. In sectors such as education and health, a lot of efforts were put by the likes of Dr. Emily Stowe of Toronto. Stowe was the first licensed woman doctor in the whole of Canada, and this offered more opportunities for Women. Canadians also passed legislation for protecting working women. They put minimum working age to ten years for boys and fourteen years for girls to protect the youth. The legislation also put working hours to a maximum of ten. In the year 1885, Canadians extended the franchise to married women to own lowly valued property. This franchise never applied to nati ve and unmarried people. In 1887, Mc Donald became the Prime Minister. This was his fourth term. During the early 1890s, Canada’s industrial revolution came in full force. The Industry of Canada started booming especially around the corridor of Trans-continental rail. Ontario’s industries that dealt in the iron, steel, tools, and farm implements were some of the leading companies. At this moment in time, forty percent of Ontarians lived in the cities. Ontario’s economy further booms due to the establishment of a new power house known as Niagara power house. Housing crisis emerged due to the urbanization that caused many people to flock the city of Toronto2. Increased employment caused increased child labor and also increased the level of school drop-outs. During the late first decade of 1900s, most industries relied upon electric power or self-generated steam power. In 1906, workers of the Hamilton street railway erupted to Violence caused by their strike3. In 1 909, Laurier won the Federal election for the fourth term. The Redpath Mystery is best captured in a website named â€Å"the Great unsolved Mysteries in the Canadian History†. Ada Maria and his son Jocelyn Clifford Redpath died on the 13th of June, the year 1901. It is also remarkably clear that their death resulted from gunshot wounds. The

The Poverty In Africa Economics Essay

The Poverty In Africa Economics Essay In recent years the international community has shown increasing concern with poverty in the developing world. At the Social Summit in Copenhagen, the issue was placed at the top of the agenda and more recently the Millennium Summit set a target to halve poverty by the year 2015. While the United Nations, including UNCTAD, had for many years drawn the attention of the international community to the need to address the plight of the poorest and the least developed countries. Despite resource rich African countries, its hardly possible to accept that Africa is poor. But the question remains, if they are not, why the vast majority of African countries are clustered at or near the bottom of the United Nations Human Development Index.While economic growth is considered essential for poverty reduction, it is also recognized that growth may not automatically trickle down to the poor. Thus, the current approach emphasizes policies that facilitate the access of the poor to human, physical and financial assets to improve their earning capacity While macroeconomic stability and structural reforms continue to be considered to hold the key to sustained and rapid growth, it is also recognized that stabilization and structural adjustment policies may exert a temporary adverse impact on the poor. Thus, it is advocated that such policies should be accompanied by safety nets and targeted spending programmes to mitigate their possible adverse consequences for poverty. Africa is not poor; it is poorly managed  [1]  This statement was made by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia. She stated it in August 2009 during her interview with the BBC radio documentary series, to answer question in similar circumstances. It was aimed against corruption and she meant to assert that if corrupt officials mismanaged public funds or property, then countries are poor. But with good quality of government under the rule of law is already a fine predictive for wealth. Other key factor is the lack of technology, Africa is very rich with natural resources such as fertile soil, enough rain and sunshine for cultivation, raw materials, oil, gold and many other major resources but lacking ways of exploiting them. No advance technology or industrial infrastructure to channel these resources through real incentive to accelerate the development. Insufficient education is another significant factor contributing to poverty high level. It can never be overemphasized be cause education can make changes about everything. Today African children do not have access to education which is required to let them gain knowledge and skills, to equip them to have better ideas and opportunities for employment. Other correlated problems as well, for example, lack of skills and strong policies, and that is low economic performance with high inflation, let alone unproductive attitudes towards globalization. The trade situation is quite unfair in addition to tariffs and subsidies, which drive prices down and make it harder for African countries to sell agricultural goods at global markets. Still there should be a movement in the industrialized world to recognize this unfairness and get the system changed, though it is somewhat complex, economically to explain how it is going to happen. African politics are usually based on violence, instead of building and fix the future they destroy everything, and use natural resources for the short term gain of those in power. A nother problem is that African countries still trade with their colonial masters at a loss instead of trading with each other. poverty reduction strategies cannot succeed if they are not accompanied by policies to sustain rapid growth and improve income distribution, Why almost all fifty three African countries are considered as poor? Poverty has many dimensions and causes, and it is clear that different kinds of action are needed at different levels (international, regional, national and sub-national) if it is to be significantly reduced. Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. Africa is the worlds poorest inhabited continent. Though parts of the continent have made significant gains over the last few years, of the 175 countries reviewed in the United Nations Human Development Report 2003, 25 African nations ranked lowest amongst the nations of the world. This is partly due to its turbulent history. The geo-historical situations of African people should be examined while addressing poverty. Same like inhabitants in others continents, the African people were and up to today are mostly dependent on agriculture, therefore they were needed to live in the regions where they were located nearby the river in Nile Valley, in the coasts of North and West Africa, along the Niger, in the eastern highlands and in South Africa. They were living in traditional rustic lifestyle and could manage their requirement by hunting and farming in the green areas during the history, but gradually due to tropical climate situation and high temperature in their living environment, decreasing the water recourses, increasing the number of people in living areas and reduction of their agricultural resources, because of weather fluctuations within the recent centuries, the problem of African people started. The impacts of climate change are likely to be considerable in tropical regions. Developing countries are generally considered more vulnerable to the effects of climate change than more developed countries, largely attributed to a low capacity to adapt in the developing world. Of the developing countries, many in Africa are seen as being the most vulnerable to climate variability and change. High levels of vulnerability and low adaptive capacity in the developing world have been linked to factors such as a high reliance on natural resources, limited ability to adapt financially and institutionally, low per capita GDP and high poverty, and a lack of safety nets. The challenges for development are considerable, not least because the impacts are complex and highly uncertain. Fighting for water and food made them busy with themselves so that they neglected to communicate with people who were living in other parts of the world. They didnt know how to sail and could not travel overseas and therefore they could not prepare their requirement by trading with other nations and therefore, they were isolated from the rest of the world in the recent centuries. Such isolation as well as the ignorance and illiteracy of African people, their fast growing population, their sectarian conflicts from one side and arrival of non African adventurers to this rich continent and starting the slavery were all imposed to the people who were not deserved and lead them to a new era of poverty. Africa is still grappling to undo a legacy dominated by trade with their former colonial rulers. For instance, Senegals biggest trading partner is France, while Gambia trades extensively with the United Kingdom.  [2]  Although Senegal surrounds Gambia, trade between the two neighbors is minimal. Worse enough the continents railways and roads often lead to ports rather than link countries across regions. Much dependency on aid and reluctant of solving problems doesnt help Africa to emerge out from being considered as poor continent. Lack of sufficient infrastructure More than two-thirds of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are currently experiencing a debilitating power crisis. The crisis is the result of many factors: strong economic growth, which has in turn led to the rapid increase in electricity consumption and urbanization; and poor planning for boosting generation and distribution capacity and maintaining infrastructure. The human and economic consequences are significant. There is an urgent need to address the problems plaguing the power sector, but a large gap exists between infrastructure needs and the availability of resources. An estimated USD 40.8 billion a year in investments are needed for Africas power sector, but ODA and funding from the public sector are not sufficient to meet this need. Consequently, the private sector will need to play a significant role in closing the demand-resources gap by providing funds and expertise. The need for at least a basic level of infrastructure in Africa is quite critical in all sectors and because of its missing in %75 of African residential area, millions of lives are threatened every day for lack of clean water or safe sanitation. In recent years the continents development objectives are badly affected by poor infrastructure. There is very little investment made by developing countries in improving the infrastructure conditions in Africa and even most of this small quantity of investment (roughly two-thirds) have been focused in the telecommunications sector which has no relativity with other major sectors i.e. health care and education. Due to personal experience of my father in Nigeria as one of the richest African country, majority of people even in some big cities like Port Harcourt in river state which is considered as one of the richest oil production centers in Delta Niger, are suffering from lack of access to basic infrastructures like electricity, hygienic fr esh water piping network, sanitary and drainage systems, suitable domestic transportation and well constructed roads railway at their home. Political instability Although the leadership issue is considered as one of the major problems in the world but its horrible condition in many African states made their political situation quite instable. Most of the African governors are busy with their own business and hand in hand of foreigners are draining the public resources out in favor of their overseas partners. Majority of African leaders are dictating those policies which are just match with their own private and not the public interests. The consequence of such kind of leadership leads the African people to sectarian conflicts and creates Political instability for the country. In most cases the African leaders try to run the country by copying the modern western state systems at domestic level and neglect the tradition and culture of their own people. With such negligence, the political atmosphere in most African states is not well enough for safe investment and its level has been restricted to the sectors for washing out their resources in fa vor of western countries. As a result of political leadership of the current governors, the economic condition of African people has gone under dominant of prescribed economical policies of western companies which play a significant role in the deprivation of African populations of the essential key services in development. Some of political economists are in this belief that the foreign investors are not responsible for improvement of the living standards of the people in the regions where they make profits. Although this concept is commented by some others but even if there was no argue in this belief, no one may disagree with the role of African political leaders in organizing the consequence of their leadership and management on economic conditions in Africa which has obviously had serious affections in provision of essential services such as health, education and infrastructure and there is no doubt that in absence of these fundamental services, the productive potentiality of people in their own societies will be decreased and they go through deprivation and poverty more and more. Main effects of poverty in Africa and its consequences: Poverty can have a devastating effect, such as lack of food, improper healthcare; homelessness and lack of jobs all play a role in the effects of poverty.  [3]  A recorded number of people die each day in Africa due to extreme poverty. 14% of children in Sub Saharan African countries alone are estimated to be underweight, out of 28% of children who are underweight in all poorer nations of the world. And it will increase because of low progress in the development and miss the Millennium Development Goals target of halving the proportion of underweight children.  [4]  Food and water is in low supply because of nonexistent infrastructure. As a result, poverty effects can easily cause inability to develop, afford modern technology, provides basic services and access, mistrust of governments- leading to revolutions which will paralyze the governmental system and more rivalry over few resources. However, the significant consequences of poverty in Africa are more closely connected with uneven economic growth. More than a half of population lives in extreme poverty, which is defined as subsisting on less than $1 a day by the World Bank. The huge waste of human resources, others are mainly on human suffering and death, high mortality rate, epidemic diseases, high illiteracy, ignorance of problems and poor hygiene, water and sanitation. If the current trend of poverty continue, then no hope to alleviate the poverty Lack of sufficient health care and education In 2008 around 1.4 million people died from AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa and 1.9 million people became infected with HIV. Due to lack of standard levels of educations in little academic training, lack of medical centers and facilities in training of physicians, few number of hospitals, insufficient medicines and medical equipment, lack of a suitable nursing care and many other interrelated medical issues, result to a bad health condition in African countries. Although some activities have been done by International Health Organization under U.N. supervision but they can temporarily figure out the health problems of about %25 of Africans who are living in urban areas and the major remaining population of the continent who are living in rural areas and villages are almost deprived from this small medical services provided by international society. To sort out the Africans health and medical care, the three principle health system inputs should be seriously noted and provided by the global society. Training of human resources as the clinical and non-clinical staff who are responsible for delivering health services, is considered as one these three which requires a comprehensive programming and establishment of colleges and universities, forwarding the motivated skillful educated missions as well as the required tools and equipment. The budget elements of physical capital are considered as the third dependent direct principle in improvement of health care in Africa. In the absence of massively expanded prevention, treatment and care efforts, it is expected that the AIDS death toll in sub-Saharan Africa will continue to rise. This means the impact of the AIDS epidemic on these societies will be felt most strongly in the course of the next ten years and beyond. Its social and economic consequences are already widely felt, not only in the health sector but also in education, industry, agriculture, transport, human resources and the economy in general. The AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa threatens to devastate whole communities, rolling back decades of development progress. Political instability and Corruption Good governance alone will not end poverty, but we cannot significantly reduce poverty, especially within a human rights approach, without good governance. Good governance is necessary at all levels, from the global to the local, but it is also necessary to identify those levels of governance requiring special attention, and this may vary from country to country: it is not always the case that governance at the national level is the central problem as far as poverty alleviation is concerned. There are problems in Africa for several decades even after many countries in the continent went through transitions from colonialism to independence, is not a deniable fact. In terms of political instability in Africa, it is also undeniable that the continent has had some difficult moments during the last fifty years or so. But what is still unexplained in the many analyses that have been looking at events in Africa is the fact that in almost all the cases of political instability in Africa, it is evident that the major problem is leadership. In this context, Africa has seen its freedom heroes turn into dictators, while plunder of natural resources, politics of exclusion and deprivation to tilt the balance of power continues to dominate the public sphere. Moreover, these problems have been pointed out and fought gallantly by ordinary Africans who have over the years, expressed their discontent with regimes imposed upon them, through the complicity of the international community. Its strongly believed that most of the major problems in Africa are rooted in corruption of the leaders and governors who have sat on the throne of dictatorship and oppress their people and make them more miserable. Its quite obvious they never let the people have an acceptable standard of social rights for election of their nominated candidates as their leaders. Although its a long way and bumpy road to achieve their goal for making a democratic society but they have no chance and must go straight forward. They should pay its worth and pave the path toward democracy peacefully. In an actual democratic system, all decision of the governors will be checked, debated, revised and ultimately approved by the peoples representatives. The national recourses and assets will be managed to be spent for provision of vital and ordinary requirement of people like health care, training and infrastructural welfare. If you go through the governing systems in African countries, you will find an apparent frame of democratic system but in most cases, you will come to know that majority of the people have no chance to vote for the key policies in management of their country. The corrupted high officials have a direct control on all centers of political and economical power and never let them to be supervised by the peoples actual representatives. They have even enough influence in selection of the parliament members. We should never forget the significant role of western companies and investors in mastery of such dictators who have been elected and supported by them in a so called democratic way. How African countries can build solutions to solve those problems? The deepest challenge for countries in the poorest parts of the world, especially Africa, is governance. The African continent has been ravaged both by civil war and conflict and by rapacious leaders who have plundered the natural wealth of their nations. Corrupt rulers and their weak regimes have arguably been the single most important drag on African development. The steps are to focus on good governance, social responsibility and elimination of corruption. Developed their educational systems, their infrastructure, and their labor markets which will able them to exploit their resources in the global markets. Increase economic input on national income through the important exports of major resources such as oil, gold, raw materials, timbers, fishers etc. In many instances capitalism can generate adequate resources to eradicate extreme poverty, but it is continually undermined by corruption and self interests. It is an unfortunate truth that the poorer the country, the more difficult it is to put aside these unwanted programs by products of economic and social growth.  [5]  Encourage agriculture sectors, proper management of resources and foreign investment. This can be met through the demand of trade reform that will help small scale farmers and enriching their agriculture and other sectors like services and labor. In other words governmen ts should target the extremely poor people and enabled them to contribute to development by improving their health, education, provide agriculture subsidies instead of wasting expenditures all will lead to economic growth. There is need to educate the population and motivated them to maintain it. Donations can help as well to build basic infrastructure. The African nations need political and economic policies that will aid their growth and lessen their dependence on outside charity. In order to eliminate poverty is to be stabilized in peace and may be reduce the population to have access to more food instead of more people with the less food. Even few African countries that have experienced sustained high growth over the last few decades are now reported to have reduced their absolute poverty levels, but the important aspect is that the gains of economic growth should be distributed fairly to reach the poor people in the country  [6]   Democratization Making money and profitable business is the major task of international investors and companies. Its quite understandable that they are not responsible for social welfare and improvements in the host country but we should never forget that in most cases, many of them and even their investing policies are controlled and supported by western countries in Europe and America. Democratization of African countries is not only beneficial for the people but also it may secure the investment and business of foreign companies and even increase their profit. In this view, I believe the western countries and the U.S.A can play a considerable role in settlement of democracy in this rich continent through European Union and United Nation organization. As long as the African governors are just sticking to power and do not care about their national interests, this is the international responsibility to warn them in political congregations for their misbehaviors and isolate their administrations through intelligent sanctions from one side and practically protect the people by promotion of their life standards through dictating policies to their citizen companies and investors for win-win business in favor of African people as well as themselves. Will Money Solve Africas problems? Some of the economical experts are in believe that investment in Africa may promote the level of knowledge and create prosperity and stability and will improve capabilities of the people to integrate their continent into global networks of trade. In this way the existence of three failures of corruption and abuse of power by African governments, the exploiting policies of extractive industries and the waste of resources by an ineffective aid system will be likely impossible. Some of the proponents of this belief are saying that the key solution in Africas development problems is to support the African local entrepreneurs by invested capitals. As an opponent of above ideas its believed as long as the prolonged violent conflicts, bad governance, excessive external interference, and lack of an independent policy, money cannot sort out the Africas development problems. The matter in Africa has not been ever lack of money because this continent is quite rich and full of resources with fer tile soil for agricultural productions and potentially has the key elements for progress and as initial steps; investment may facilitate the process of economical improvement. Massive food production will solve Africas poverty problem Hunger is a horrible phenomenon which is considered as a critical issue in Africa. Among five continents, Africa is the only one which cannot to feed itself. Because of the fast growing of population, the shortages in agricultural productions is leading the continent to new potential conflicts and the peace situation in many African nations is fragile. Around 300 million people will not have enough to eat today. Despite millions of hectares of unused cultivated land, more than $19 billion is spent in Africa for buying food each year. Donation or import of agricultural products is like a sedative for the illness and for actual treatment of hunger and poverty; African countries should focus their efforts on investment policies in agricultural sectors and training programs for more efficient water management, new techniques of cultivation, irrigation and harvesting. In addition of these issues and to rapidly increase productivity, the fertilizers as well as sufficient suitable machinery and equipment for conservation of agricultural products should be provided for the African farmers. The EU strategy for supporting Africa Witnessing the case of Mexico, it has the advantage of sharing a 2,000-mile border with the worlds greatest economic power. Since the North American Free Trade Agreement went into effect in 1994, the United States has given Mexican goods duty-free access to its markets, has made huge investments in the Mexican economy, and has continued to absorb millions of Mexican laborers. During the 1994-95 peso crisis, the U.S. Treasury even underwrote Mexicos financial stability. Outside economic help does not get much better. But since 1992, Mexicos economy has grown at an annual average rate of barely more than one percent per capita. This figure is far less than the rates of the Asian growth superstars. It is also a fraction of Mexicos own growth of 3.6 percent per year in the two decades that preceded its 1982 debt crisis. Access to external markets and resources has not been able to make up for Mexicos internal problems. A notable exception to the limitations of outside assistance is European Union membership. By offering its poorer eastern and southern neighbors not just aid transfers and market access but the prospect of joining the union, the EU has stimulated deep policy and instit utional changes and impressive growth in about 20 countries. But the exception proves the rule: the EU is not just an economic arrangement; it is also a political system in which member states transfer extensive legal powers to the central authority. In return, the center shoulders significant responsibilities for the economic well-being of each member. Unfortunately, accession to the EU or to any other major power is not an option for most of the poorest parts of the world-and increasing the financial resources and trading opportunities for the poorest countries is not a sufficient substitute. Although there is a long way towards a sustainable development in Africa but within the frame of the African Union, the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) and international organizations, the EU members have tried to equip the African states with political and economic roadmaps and provide them with a vision for better future. Regardless of existing different historical attitudes, cultures, religions, and traditions as well as different geographical and economical conditions with various political regimes in Africa, there are some African countries who are experiencing sustained periods of peace, security, economic and political stability and democratic methods of peaceful life but at the same time many of African people are suffering from long-term conflicts in their lands. One of the major roles of the European Union in assistance of African people is to support them in human development and economic growth programs. A highly unequal distribution of income has an excessive impact on poverty levels among the people and such programs will be very helpful in democratization of Africa. To reduce the rate of poverty, Job creation and social development as major challenges shall be considered as other solutions which should be included in the EU strategy for supporting of Africa. To achieve these and due to cl ose relation of employment to education and training, working on eradication of illiteracy is quite important especially for women and ethnic minorities. Improving the health care and hygiene conditions in African states, in particular controlling and treatment of the HIV/AIDS as a very serious pandemic disease inside the whole Africa shall be considered as another supporting program which should be included in the European Unions strategy in Africa. Climate change is something which may badly affect the life situation of African people and increase the level poverty among them. When the air temperature is going up, it affects more to the climate in Africa because the continent is environmentally very diverse. The shortages in water resources, increasing desertification, flooding and drought are all the common consequences of climate change and as a result of them, the food security and health of all human beings in the world and particularly in Africa will be worsen. The process of Increasing the desert lands in almost half of the Africa specially in areas being located along desert margins and lack of compensation of water resources because of little raining fall below the world average are the two threatening factors of the humans lives and due to these concerns, many conflicts can be potentially created. About 17% of the worlds forests are located in Africa, and deforestation and because of shortages in earning and food resou rces, they are changing to dessert by the poor people.Therefore climate change adaptation program is another urgent necessity for Africas development and should be noted and attended well by the European Union. European Union help Africa through preventing or settling on going conflicts towards peace and security aims to establish necessary framework for development base on their partnership.  [7]  Sustainable development in Africa requires a safe and secure environment. Peace is therefore an essential way of progress. The Partnership is a better key component than without for Africas future inside and outside its borders. Democracy and the respect for human rights are shared values between Europe and Africa. They are also critical issues to the development of any society. With the Joint Africa-EU Strategy the two sides have committed to conduct an in depth dialogue on human rights and democratic governance, to promote these values on a global level and to strengthen their cooperation in this field. From this dialogue and cooperation comes understanding, cooperation, and programs that bond leaders, civil society, and citizens in the pursuit of governance and human rights. EU has also en hanced trade and deeper regional integration as essential contributions to development, economic growth and employment, and ultimately the eradication of poverty in Africa.  [8]  As it believed that European Union has undergone a successful process of integration, it can share its experiences with Africa in a good faith. EU conditionality for donations and economic reforms to Africa should not ignore the poverty alleviation programs and should focus on helping the poor in Africa by getting the benefits of the globalization through the national level economic reforms. At domestic level, Africa/EU should have stronger safety nets in macroeconomic management which could benefit the poor people and more investment in proper healthcare, education, technology, basic infrastructure and many other things. Recommendation and conclusion For the solutions to overcome or to reduce extreme poverty in Africa, the key points are good policies and prope

Music And Ednas Awakening :: essays research papers

In Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, the romantic and lyrical nature of Frederick Chopin’s Impromptu, as well as its originality, are the vehicle by means of which Edna realizes her love for Robert and her desire to be free and self-determined. Chopin’s Impromptu arouses "the very passions ... within [Edna’s] soul"(p.34). The harmony, fluidity, subtle rhythm and poetic beauty of the Romantic composer make Edna loose herself in the music that stirs her emotions. The art completes, for her, what nature cannot bring to a finish. The exquisite, looping, and often fiery melodies of the Impromptu make a cut in Edna’s mind through the conventional beliefs about people and society. Because she is not a musician, her listening is based on intuition, allowing for a direct apprehension of the music by the soul and leading to a confrontation with the reality itself — the reality of "solitude, of hope, of longing, ... of despair"(p.34). This is the beginning of Edna’s awakening, for such emotions, especially despair, are not an end but a beginning because they take away the excuses and guilts, those toward herself, from which she suffers. This revelation of previously hidden conflicts gives birth to dramatic emotions within Edna. It is so powerful that Edna wonders if she "shall ever be stirred again as...Reisz’s playing moved" her that night (p.38). For Edna, the times that Reisz plays are times when she "take[s] an impress of the abiding truth" and realizes her true desires(p.34). When Edna visits her, Reisz first improvises at the instrument and then plays the Impromptu which itself has original and adventurous themes. Through music Edna realizes the importance of being self-actualized and making choices. She again feels the same as that night when "new voices awoke in her"—when through music, the way to genuine freedom was revealed to her (p.84). However, having freedom comes with responsibility, which like giving birth to art, requires special skill. For Edna, the fantasies of freedom are transformed into reality wholly only in music and possibly the inability to acquire the skill to deal with her new emotions in life explains the dramatic conclusion to the journey and exploration of the passions that begin on the island.

Feminism During the 50’s Essay

The book Revolutionary Road, written by Richard Yates, tells the reader a story about the life of Frank and April Wheeler. The Wheelers are a married couple with children who live in a 1950’s suburb. This essay shows the reader how characters in the book do not conform to typical gender roles during this time period and how these gender roles are switched between men and women. The story gives us a lot of insight in to gender roles during the 1950’s. However, Frank and April Wheeler do not abide to the typical gender roles of men and women during this time period in American society. The idea of this analysis is to show the reader how Feminism and Masculinity are tested in Revolutionary Road. Richard Yates switches gender roles in this novel and does a good job of showing us a different perspective from what was most common during the 1950’s. Revolutionary Road is about Frank and April Wheeler who live in a suburb called Revolutionary Estates with their two children Jennifer and Michael. They are viewed by their neighbors as your ideal husband and wife. They have a nosy real estate agent named Mrs. Giving’s who randomly shows up throughout the story and has a deranged son named John who ends up having some conflict with the Wheelers. Mrs. Giving’s also has a husband named Howard who seems not to care what she has to say most of the time because she is always gossiping or talking too much. There is also a couple, Milly and Shep Campbell who are family friends of the Wheelers and often hang out and drink together. Frank ends up having an affair with Maureen, a woman who works at Knox with him. He ends up feeling guilty about it because April does something special for him. She stops the argument they are in and has a surprise birthday plan for him and tells him about her plans of moving their family to Europe. Plans fail however when April realizes she is pregnant and Frank is satisfied that they won’t have to move. April ends up having an affair with Shep Campbell who is in love with her secretly. The story ends up with April killing herself attempting to do her own abortion from home. Frank lives on in distraught and agony. Richard Yates uses Feminism in the story to show the reader how Frank fits in with typical feminine role of this time and April fits in with the  typical masculine role. Frank is constantly emasculated throughout the story by April. When they realize April is pregnant, she wants to have an abortion. Frank is upset but he can’t do much about it because he doesn’t have any say in what she does. He tries to say, â€Å"Listen. Listen to me. You do this – you do this and I swear to God I’ll –† and she cuts him off and says, â€Å"Oh, you’ll what? You’ll leave me? What’s that supposed to be – a threat or a promise?† (Yates 52) testing his masculinity once again. April is not the typical woman of the 50’s and that’s why conflicting gender roles play such an important theme in this novel. Frank thrives off of the need to prove himself to April. He wants her to believe he is in control of every situat ion and is the man of the house. He tries to put off this image to April that he is a real man and leads their household. Frank has a lot of conflict throughout the book because of his constant need to prove his manhood and prove his masculinity to April. Richard Yates uses Frank Wheeler to show us just how this novel conflicts the typical gender roles during the 1950’s. Yates says about Frank, â€Å"Wasn’t it true, then, that everything in his life from that point on had been a succession of things he hadn’t really wanted to do? Taking a dull job to prove he could be as responsible as any other man†¦ Having another child to prove that the first one hadn’t been a mistake†¦ Proving, proving; and for no other reason than that he was married to a woman who put him forever on the defensive† (Yates 51). Yates shows the reader the true tenacity of Frank’s need to prove himself to April day after day. Having a job, having a family, and doing everything to provide for your family were all things men were expected to do during that time in America. Frank has an obsession with needing April to believe he is in control and fully providing for her and their children. He feels she will leave him or step up and provide for them herself is he cannot do it. Frank is trying to prove he is the man and holds the masculine gender role over April. April says in one scene to Frank, â€Å"Me. Me. Me. Oh, you poor, self-deluded – Look at you, Look at you, and tell me how by any stretch of imagination you can call yourself a man† ( Yates 28) which really test Franks masculinity. He is without a doubt upset about April’s actions and words. By receiving her approval, he feels his masculinity and feels he has accomplished what is important. Throughout the  story however, we see that Frank never truly gets the approval from April he is looking for. Yates intends for Frank to be weaker and less masculine than April. This is how Richard Yates uses conflicting gender roles in his characters. April is a very independent woman and she will take care of what she feels is necessary. She doesn’t look to Frank for guidance and leadership. The narrator points this out when April is mowing the lawn and Frank is watching her wishing he was doing it. The narrator states that Frank had â€Å"planned as soon as he’d had some coffee to go out there and take the lawnmower away from April, by force if it was necessary, so the he could restore as much balance to the morning as possible. But he was still in his bathrobe† (Yates 40). Frank cannot stand the fact that April is mowing the yard and not letting him do it. Yates gives us a description of April in the yard, he says, â€Å"It was April herself, stolidly pushing and hauling the old machine, wearing a man’s shirt and a pair of loss, flapping slacks† (Yates 35) This description of April really gives the reader a simple understanding that April doesn’t need Frank to mow the yard because she is capable and willing to do it herself. These are the things that really bother Frank because he wants a woman who needs him to do everything for her. That’s what Frank feels he is supposed to do; he wants to be the sole provider and â€Å"alpha† of his household. Another way we see Frank being emasculated is when April plans the move to Europe. She tells Frank about the plans to move at his surprise birthday get together, he had just got home from having an affair with Maureen from his office. The narrator gives us a good understanding of Frank’s inability to take control. He ends up agreeing with the plans even though he is not fully sure and confident that is what he wants. Frank says, â€Å"Darling? We are really going to do it, aren’t we? I mean it hasn’t just been a lot of talk or anything, has it?† (Yates 116) and they agree the move to Europe is a sure thing. Then they fall asleep and the chapter ends with April saying I love you to Frank. Frank is finally feeling a sense of assurance at this point because things are getting better between him and April. He is finally feeling that sense of satisfaction he thrives for. He and April are getting  along and things â€Å"seem† to be good. However, April ends up letting Frank in on some startling news. She is pregnant and when Frank finds out he is actually happy about the news because he has had a promotion offered to him at work and knows that having a baby will keep them from moving. When April realizes Frank is satisfied with not moving she threatens to abort the baby herself after Frank finds her abortion tools and she test Franks masculinity again by saying, â€Å"And what are you going to do? Do you think you’re going to stop me?† (Yates 209) when he questions her on what she is going to do with the tools. Frank has no control over any situations throughout this book. Especially in this situation because April has had her mind set on moving and she was not going to take no for an answer. She eventually kills herself trying to proceed in doing an abortion herself at their home. April had control of the situation the whole time. Furthermore, â€Å"Revolutionary Road† gives the reader a wide and detailed interpretation of very unusual gender roles for the 1950’s. The author’s use of feminism helps him to show how Frank is a man who feeds of his wife for satisfaction. Everything Frank does is mainly to get the approval and acceptance of his wife April. Feminism also helps us to take a look at how April Wheeler is portrayed. She is a very independent woman and for this time period that is very rare. Women typically depended on men and did not step up as leaders and sole providers of their family. However, April is much different. She wants Frank to know that she can take care of herself and her family without the help of a man. She is portrayed as being much more masculine and superior than her husband. She is in control of their relationship and she is in control of Frank’s life. Everything Frank does is based on what April thinks and getting her to notice and her to approve is what makes him feel like a man. Richard Yates did an amazing job in â€Å"Revolutionary Road† by showing the reader the conflicting gender roles of April and Frank Wheeler. Works Cited Yates, Richard. Revolutionary Road. 2nd. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 2000. Print.

Simple Établir (to Establish) Conjugations in French

The French verb  Ãƒ ©tablir  means to establish. This is a relatively easy one to remember because it resembles the English word and the conjugations arent terribly difficult, either. Conjugating the French Verb Établir Verb conjugations are required when we want to change the tense. In English, we add -ed or -ing to do this, but its more complex in French. Thats because theres a new verb ending for ​every subject pronoun as well as every tense. Établir  is a  regular -IR verb  and it follows the verb conjugation rules of similar verbs like  convertir  (to convert),  chà ©rir  (to cherish), and many others. This makes learning each new verb a little easier than the last. To conjugate these verbs, we must first recognize the verb stem. For  Ãƒ ©tablir, that is  Ãƒ ©tabl-.  Then we need to add the appropriate ending. For instance, I establish is jà ©tablis and we will establish is nous à ©tablirons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j tablis tablirai tablissais tu tablis tabliras tablissais il tablit tablira tablissait nous tablissons tablirons tablissions vous tablissez tablirez tablissiez ils tablissent tabliront tablissaient The Present Participle of Établir Adding -ant  to the verb stem of  Ãƒ ©tablir  creates the  present participle  of  Ãƒ ©tablissant. This is a verb, yet it can also be used as an adjective, gerund, or noun in certain circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The past tense established can be formed using either the imperfect or the  passà © composà ©. To construct the latter, begin with the subject pronoun, conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match it, then add the past participle  Ãƒ ©tabli. It comes together quickly: I established is jai à ©tabli and we established is nous avons à ©tabli. You will notice that  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and that the past participle does not change. Apply these rules to other subjects as well. More Simple Établir  Conjugations Practicing all of the above forms of  Ãƒ ©tablir  should be the focus of your studies at first. When youre comfortable with those, consider adding the following to your vocabulary.  Even if you dont use them personally, its important to be able to recognize these and associate them with  Ãƒ ©tablir. When the act of establishing has some question or uncertainty to it, the subjunctive form or the conditional verb can be used. Its likely that you will only encounter the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive in formal writing.   Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j tablisse tablirais tablis tablisse tu tablisses tablirais tablis tablisses il tablisse tablirait tablit tablt nous tablissions tablirions tablmes tablissions vous tablissiez tabliriez tabltes tablissiez ils tablissent tabliriez tablirent tablissent For short statements that directly request or demand something to be established, use the imperative verb form. When doing so, the subject pronoun is not required: use à ©tablis rather than tu à ©tablis. Imperative (tu) tablis (nous) tablissons (vous) tablissez